Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas

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Contents 1 United States and Canada 1.1 Arctic 1.2 Subarctic 1.3 California 1.4 Eastern Woodlands 1.5 Great Basin 1.6 Plateau 1.7 Northwest Coast 1.8 Plains 1.9 Southeast 1.10 Southwest 2 Latin America and the Caribbean 2.1 Caribbean 2.2 Mesoamerica 2.3 Aridoamerica 2.4 Andean 2.5 Sub-Andean 2.6 Western Amazon 2.7 Central Amazon 2.8 Eastern and Southern Amazon 2.9 Southern Cone 3 Languages

United States and Canada

Ethnographers commonly classify indigenous peoples in the United States and Canada into ten geographical regions with shared cultural traits (called cultural areas). The following list groups peoples by their region of origin, followed by the current location. See the individual article on each tribe or First Nation for a history of their movements. See the List of Native American Tribal Entities for the United States' official list of recognized Native American tribes. The regions are:

Arctic

• Aleut
• Inuit
  • Inuvialuit
  • Inupiat
• Yupik

Subarctic

Ahtna (Ahtena, Nabesna) Atikamekw Babine Bearlake Chipewyan Cree Dakelh Deg Hit’an (Deg Xinag, Degexit’an, Ingalik) Dena’ina (Dialects: Outer Inlet, Upper Inlet, Iliama, Inland, Kachemak Bay, Kenai, Susitna River) Dogrib Gwichʼin (Kutchin, Loucheaux) Haida Hän Hare Holikachuk Innu Kaska (Nahane) Kolchan (Upper Kuskokwim) Koyukon Mountain

Naskapi Nishka Ojibwa Sekani Slavey (Dialects: Hay River, Simpson Providence, Liard, Fort Nelson) Tagish Tahltan Lower Tanana Middle Tanana Upper Tanana Tanacross Tasttine (Beaver) Inland Tlingit Tsetsaut Tsimshian Northern Tutchone Southern Tutchone Wet'suwet'en Yellowknives

California

Achomawi (Pit River Indians) Antoniaño Atsugewi Bear River Cahuilla Campo Chemehuevi Chukchansi Chumash (Dialects: Roseño, Purisimeño, Barbareño, Inezeño, Ventureño, Obispeño, Santa Paula, Cruzeño, Emigdiano Allilik) Chilula Chimariko Coast Miwok Costanoan - see Ohlone Cupeño Diegueño - see Kumeyaay Esselen Fernandeño - see Tataviam Gabrieliño - see Tongva Giamina Huchnom Hupa Ipai - see Kumeyaay Jamul Juaneño Kamia Karok Kato Kiliwa Kitanemuk Klamath Konkow - see Maidu Konomihu Kumeyaay (Diegueño) Lake Miwok Lassik Luiseño Maidu Mattole Mesa Grande Migueleño Mission Indians Miwok (Me-wuk) Modoc Mohave Monache Nakipa

Nisenan - see Maidu Nomlaki Nongatl Ohlone (Divisions: Karkin, Ramaytush, Chochenyo, Tamyen, Awaswas, Chalon, Mutsun, Rumsen) Okwanuchu Paipai (Akwa'ala) Paiute (Northern, Southern) Patwin Pit River - see Achomawi Pomo Rumsen - see Ohlone Salinan San Clemente San Nicolas Santa Catalina Serrano Shasta Sierra Miwok Sinkyone Suisunes Tache Tachi tribe Tataviam (Fernandeño) Tipai - see Kumeyaay Tolowa Tongva (Gabrieliño) Tsnungwe Tubatulabal Wai-lakki Wappo Washoe Whilkut Wintu Wintun Wiyot Valley Miwok Yahi Yelamu Yana Yocha Dehe Yokuts Yuki (Ukomno'm) Yurok

Eastern Woodlands

Abenaki Accohannock Maryland Algonquian lower Saint Lawrence River Anishinaabe (Anishinape, Anicinape, Neshnabé, Nishnaabe) Algonquin Quebec, Ontario Mississaugas Ontario Nipissing Ontario Ottawa (Odawa) Ontario, Michigan, Oklahoma Ojibwa (Chippewa, Ojibwe) Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, British Columbia, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Dakota, Montana Saulteaux Ontario, Manitoba Potawatomi Ontario, Michigan, Indiana, Wisconsin, Kansas, Oklahoma Beothuk formerly Newfoundland, no longer exist Caniba Cherokee Chippewa Chicora Eastern NC & SC Chickasaw Piscataway-Conoy Erie Etchemin Quebec (Maliseet) Fox Ho-Chunk Wisconsin Winnebago Wisconsin around Green Bay, now Nebraska Honniasont Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia Hopewell Ohio and Black River region Huron/Wyandot Ontario south of Georgian Bay, now Oklahoma and Wendake, Quebec Illinois Illinois Miami Indiana, now Oklahoma Peoria Illinois, now Oklahoma Wea Iroquois New York Cayuga Mohawk — Kahnawake, Quebec Oneida Onondaga Seneca Tuscarora Kickapoo Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Mexico Laurentian/St. Lawrence Iroquoians Lenni-Lenape Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey, now Ontario and Oklahoma Munsee Unami Loup A Loup B Lumbee

Maliseet Maine, Quebec, and New Brunswick, Canada Mascouten Massachusett Massachusetts Ponkapoag Menominee Mingo Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia Mahican Micmac Mohegan Montauk New York Nanticoke Narragansett Rhode Island Neutral Niantic Nipmuck Massachusetts Oji-Cree (Anishinini, Severn Ojibwa) Ontario, Manitoba Passamaquoddy Maine Pee Dee (tribe) Penobscot Maine Pequot Petun Pocumtuk Poospatuck New York Powhatan Virginia Quinnipiac Connecticut, eastern New York, northern New Jersey, Long Island Hammonasset, Mattabesec,,Mattatuck, Menunkatuck, Meriden, Mioonkhtuck, Naugatuck, Nehantic, Paugusset, Podunk, Potatuck, Totoket, Tunxis, Wangunk, Wepawaug Ramapough Mountain Indians New Jersey Santee of South Carolina Saponi Virginia Sauk Schaghticoke Western Connecticut Secotan Shawnee Ohio, West Virginia, Pennsylvania [most ended up in Oklahoma] Shinnecock New York Souriquoian Susquehannock Tarrantine (Tarranteen), see Abenaki, Micmac Unalachtigo Unquachog Waccamaw Wampanoag Massachusetts Wappinger Wawenoc Wenrohronon Pennsylvania and New York Wyandot/Huron Ontario south of Georgian Bay, now Oklahoma and Wendake, Quebec

Great Basin

• Bannock
• Chemehuevi
• Gosiute Utah
• Kawaiisu
• Koso (Panamint)
• Mono
• Owen's Valley (Native Americans)
• Northern Paiute California, Nevada, Oregon [Burns-Paiute], Arizona
• Southern Paiute (Kaibab)
• Paviotso
• Shoshone (Shoshoni) Nevada, Wyoming, California
• Timbisha
• Ute Utah, Colorado
• Washo Nevada, California

Plateau

Cayuse Oregon Celilo (Wayampam) Upper Chinookan (Dialects: Clackamas, Cascades, Hood River, Wasco, Wishram, Kathlamet, Cathlamet, Multnomah) Columbian (Dialects: Wenatchee, Sinkayuse, Chelan) Coeur d'Alene Idaho Colville Washington Upper Cowlitz Flatbow Flathead John Day Kittitas Klamath Oregon Klickitat Tribe Washington Kootenai Idaho Lower Snake (Chamnapam, Wauyukma, Naxiyampam) Modoc Califoria, Oregon Molala (Molale) Oregon

Nez Perce Idaho Nicola Nlaka'pamux aka the Thompson people Okanagan (Dialects: Northern and Southern) Palus (Palouse) Pend'Oreilles (Kalispel) Washington Rock Creek Sahaptin people Sanpoil Secwepemc (Shuswap) British Columbia Sinixt (Lakes) British Columbia, Idaho Spokane Washington St'at'imc (Lillooet) Tenino Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin) Tygh Tygh Valley Umatilla Oregon Upper Nisqually (Mishalpan) Walla Walla Oregon Wanapum Wasco Oregon Yakama Washington

Northwest Coast

Ahantchuyuk - see Kalapuya Alsea Applegate Atfalati - see Kalapuya Bella Bella BC Coast Bella Coola BC Coast Calapooia - see Kalapuya Calapuya - see Kalapuya Central Kalapuya - see Kalapuya Chasta Costa Chehalis (Upper and Lower) Washington Chemakum Washington Chetco Chilliwack BC Lower Mainland Chinook Dialects: (Lower Chinook, Upper Chinook, Clackamas, Wasco) Clatsop Clatskanie (Tlatskanie) Comox Vancouver Island/BC Georgia Strait Coos {Hanis} Oregon Lower Coquille (Miluk) Oregon Upper Coquille Cowichan Southern Vancouver Island/Georgia Strait Lower Cowlitz Washington Duwamish Washington Eyak Alaska Galice Haida (Dialects: Kaigani, Skidegate, Masset) Alaska Haihai Haisla BC Coast Heiltsuk BC Coast Hoh Washington Kalapuya (Calapooia, Calapuya) North Kalapuya Yamhill (Yamel) Tualatin Tfalati (Atfalati) Central Kalapuya Santiam Mary's River Lakmiut Ahantchuyuk Lower McKenzie (Mohawk people (Oregon)) South Kalapuya (Yonkalla, Yoncalla) Kimsquit BC Coast Kitimat BC Coast Klallam (Clallam, Dialects: Klallam (Lower Elwha), S'Klallam (Jamestown), S'Klallam (Port Gamble)) Klickitat Koskimo Kwalhioqua Kwakiutl (Kwakwala or Kwakwa'kwa'kw) Kwalhioqua Kwantlen BC Lower Mainland Kwatami Lakmiut - see Kalapuya

Lower McKenzie - see Kalapuya Lummi Washington Lushootseed Washington Makah Washington Mary's River - see Kalapuya Muckleshoot Washington Musqueam BC Lower Mainland (Vancouver) Nanaimo Vancouver Island/Georgia Strait Niskwalli (Nisqually) Nooksack Washington North Kalapuya - see Kalapuya Nisqually Washington Nuu-chah-nulth Western Vancouver Island Oowekyala BC Coast Pentlatch Vancouver Island/Georgia Strait (extinct) Puyallup Washington Quileute Washington Quinault Washington Rogue River or Upper Illinois Oregon, California Saanich Southern Vancouver Island/Georgia Strait Samish Washington Santiam - see Kalapuya Sauk-Suiattle Washington Sechelt BC Sunshine Coast/Georgia Strait (Shishalh) Shoalwater Bay Tribe Washington Siletz Oregon Siuslaw Oregon Skagit Skokomish Washington Sliammon BC Sunshine Coast/Georgia Strait (branch of Comox) Snohomish Snoqualmie Stó:lō BC Lower Mainland/Fraser Valley Songhees (Songish) Southern Vancouver Island/Strait of Juan de Fuca Sooke Southern Vancouver Island/Strait of Juan de Fuca South Kalapuya - see Kalapuya Squaxin Island Tribe Washington Spokane Washington Stillaguamish Washington Squamish British Columbia Suquamish Washington Swinomish Washington Tait Takelma Oregon Talio Tfalati - see Kalapuya Tillamook (Nehalem) Oregon Tlatlasikoala Tlingit Alaska Tolowa-Tututni Tsimshian Tualatin - see Kalapuya Tulalip Washington Twana Washington Lower Umpqua Oregon Upper Umpqua Oregon Upper Skagit Washington Yamel - see Kalapuya Yamhill - see Kalapuya Yaquina Yoncalla - see Kalapuya Yonkalla - see Kalapuya

Plains

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Jicarilla Apache New Mexico Lipan Apache New Mexico, Texas Mescalero Apache New Mexico Plains Apache (Kiowa-Apache) Oklahoma Arapaho (Arapahoe, Arrapahoe) Oklahoma, Wyoming Besawunena Nawathinehena Arikara (Arikaree, Arikari, Ree) North Dakota Assiniboine (Assiniboin) Montana, Saskatchewan (Fort Peck Indian Reservation is home to Assiniboine and Sioux) Atsina (Gros Ventre) Montana Blackfoot Kainah (Blood) Alberta Northern Peigan Alberta Piegan (Blackfeet) Montana Siksika Alberta Cheyenne Montana, Oklahoma Comanche Oklahoma Chippewa Cree Montana Plains Cree Montana Crow (Absaroka, Apsáalooke) Montana Hasinai Hidatsa North Dakota

Iowa (Ioway) Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma Kaw (Kansa, Kanza) Oklahoma Kiowa Oklahoma Kitsai (Kichai) Oklahoma Mandan North Dakota Missouri (Missouria) Oklahoma Omaha Nebraska Osage Oklahoma Otoe (Oto) Oklahoma Pawnee (dialects: South Band, Skiri) Oklahoma Ponca Nebraska, Oklahoma Quapaw Oklahoma Saulteaux (Plains Ojibwe) British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Saskatchewan Sioux Dakota Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Manitoba, Saskatchewan Lakota (Teton) Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Saskatchewan Stoney Alberta Tonkawa Oklahoma Tsuu T’ina (Sarcee, Sarsi, Tsuut’ina) Alberta Wichita (Affiliated Tribes − Wichita, Waco, Tawakoni, Keechi) Oklahoma

Southeast

Adaes - see Adai Adahi - see Adai Adai (Adaizan, Adaizi, Adaise, Adahi, Adaes, Adees, Atayos) Louisiana Adaise - see Adai Adaizan - see Adai Adaizi - see Adai Adees - see Adai Ais Florida Akokisa Texas southeast coast Alabama Alabama Alafay (Alafia, Pojoy, Pohoy, Costas Alafeyes, Alafaya Costas) Florida Amacano Florida Apalachee Florida Apalachicola Georgia, Florida Atakapa (Attacapa) Louisiana west coast Atayos - see Adai Attacapa - see Atakapa Avoyel ("little Natchez") northern Texas Backhooks Nation (=Pahoc ?) South Carolina Bayogoula southeastern Louisiana Bidai eastern Texas Biloxi Mississippi Boca Ratones Florida Caddo Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas Calusa Florida Cape Fear Indians North Carolina southern coast Catawba South Carolina Chacato (Chatot, Chactoo) West Florida Chawasha Cheraw (Chara, Charàh) North Carolina Cherokee North Carolina, Eastern Tennessee; later Oklahoma Chiaha Chickahominy Virginia Chickamauga A Branch of Cherokee in Southeastern Tennessee, Northeastern Georgia Chickanee (Chiquini) North Carolina Chickasaw Mississippi, South Carolina, North Carolina, later Oklahoma Chine Florida Chisca (Cisca) Florida Chitimacha Louisiana Choctaw Mississippi, Alabama, and parts of Louisiana; later Oklahoma Creek Alabama; Oklahoma, Georgia Congaree (Canggaree) South Carolina Coree North Carolina Coushatta Louisiana Coharie North Carolina Cusabo coastal South Carolina Eno (Eenó) North Carolina Eyeish (Hais, Aliche, Aiche) eastern Texas Garza Texas, northern Mexico Grigra Guacata (Santalûces) Florida Guacozo Florida Guazoco Florida Guale (Iguaja, Ybaja) coastal Georgia & Florida Hitchiti Georgia, Alabama, Florida Hooks Nation (=Huaq ?) South Carolina Houma Louisiana Iswa Jaega Florida Jobe (Hobe) Florida, part of Jaega Jororo Florida Keyauwee North Carolina Koasati Koroa Luca (tribe) Florida Lumbee North Carolina Manahoac Viriginia Mattaponi Virginia Matecumbe (Matacumbêses, Matacumbe, Matacombe) Florida coast Mayaca (tribe) Florida Mayaimi Florida Mayajuaca Florida Meherrin North Carolina Mikasuki (Miccosukee) Florida Mobila (Mobile) Alabama Mocoso Florida Monacan Virginia Monyton (Moneton, Monekot, Moheton) (Siouan) West Virginia, Viriginia Mougoulacha southeastern Louisiana Movila western Florida Nahyssan Viriginia Naniaba Alabama

Nansemond Virginia Natchez Mississippi, Louisiana Neusiok (Newasiwac, Neuse River Indians) North Carolina Nottaway Occaneechi (Siouan) Virginia Oconee Georgia, Florida Ofo Okchai (Ogchay) Okelousa Louisiana Opelousa Louisiana Osochee (Oswichee, Usachi, Oosécha) Pacara Florida Pakana (Pacâni, Pagna, Pasquenan, Pak-ká-na, Pacanas) Pamlico (Carolina) Pamunkey Virginia Pascagoula Mississippi coast Patiri southeastern Texas Pee Dee South Carolina, North Carolina Pensacola Florida panhandle Quinipissa southeastern Louisiana Rappahannock Tribe Virginia Saluda (Saludee, Saruti) South Carolina Santee (Seretee, Sarati, Sati, Sattees) South Carolina (≠Santee Sioux) Santa Luces Florida Saponi Saura North Carolina Sawokli (Sawakola, Sabacola, Sabacôla, Savacola) Florida Saxapahaw (Sissipahua, Shacioes) North Carolina Seminole Florida, Oklahoma Sewee (Suye, Joye, Xoye, Soya) South Carolina coast Shoccoree (Schockoorees ?) North Carolina (also Viriginia?) Stegara Stuckanox Sugeree (Sagarees, Sugaws, Sugar, Succa) South Carolina Surruque Florida Suteree (Sitteree, Sutarees, Sataree) North Carolina Taensa Tawasa Virginia Tequesta Florida Terocodame Codam Hieroquodame Oodame Perocodame Teroodame Timucua Florida, Georgia Acuera Florida Agua Fresca Florida Arapaha Florida Itafi (or Icafui) Florida Mocama Florida, Georgia Northern Utina Florida, Ocale Florida Oconi Florida, Georgia Potano Florida Tucururu Florida Yufera Georgia Yustaga Florida Tiou Tocaste Florida Tocobaga Florida Tohomé Alabama Tomahitan eastern Tennessee Topachula Florida Tukabahchee (Tuk-ke-bat-che) Tuscarora North Carolina, Virginia (later Niagara Falls, NY) Tuskegee Tutelo Tunica Mississippi Utiza Florida Vicela Florida Viscaynos Florida Waccamaw South Carolina Wateree (Guatari, Watterees) North Carolina Waxhaw (Waxsaws, Wisack, Wisacky, Weesock, Flathead) South Carolina Westo Virginia, South Carolina Wetumpka (Wee-tam-ka) Winyaw South Carolina Woccon Yamasee Florida, Georgia, South Carolina Yazoo Yuchi

Southwest

Acoma Ak Chin Arizona Apachean Chiricahua Jicarilla Mescalero Navajo (Navaho, Diné) Arizona, New Mexico Western Apache (Coyotero Apache) Arizona Apaches Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma Aranama (aka Hanáma, Hanáme, Chaimamé, Charinames, Xaranames, Taranames) Coahuiltecan Texas, northern Mexico Cochimi Baja California Cochiti Cocopa Arizona Comecrudo Texas, northern Mexico Cotoname (aka Carrizo de Camargo) Halchidhoma Hano Hualapai Havasupai Arizona Hohokam Arizona Hopi Arizona Isleta Isleta del Sur Jemez Jumano Karankawa Kavelchadhom Keres Laguna Los Luceros Mamulique Texas, northern Mexico Maricopa Mohave Nambe

Pecos Picuris Pima Arizona Pima Bajo Piro Pueblo people New Mexico Qahatika Quechan Arizona Sandia (Nafiat was the name for the Bernalillo pueblo) San Carlos San Felipe San Idelfonso San Juan Santa Ana Santa Clara Santo Domingo Solano Suma Taos Tesuque Tewa Tigua Tamique Toboso Tohono O'odham (Papago) Arizona Ubate Walapai Yaqui Yavapai, (Mojave-Apache) see Yavapai-Apache Nation, Yavapai-Prescott Tribe Arizona (often confused with Tonto Apache and Mojave) Yuma (Quechan) Zia Zuni

Latin America and the Caribbean

The indigenous peoples of Central and South America are generally classified by language, environment, and cultural similarities.

Caribbean

• Arawak
  • Taino
  • Lucayan
• Carib
• Ciboney
• Kuna

Mesoamerica

• Nahua
• Cora people
• Lenca
• Maya
  • • Itzá
    • Lacandon
    • Mopán
    • Yucatec (Maya proper)
  • Ch'ol
  • Ixil
  • Jacaltec
  • Kaqchikel
  • Kekchi
  • Mam
  • Poqomam
  • Quiché
  • Tojolabales
  • Tzotzil
  • Tzeltal
  • Tz'utujil
• Mazatec
• Mixtec
• Olmec
• Otomi
• Pipil
• Tarascan (P'urhépecha)
• Tlapanec
• Xinca
• Zapotec

Aridoamerica

• Aripes
• Acaxees
• Callejees
• Catujanes
• Chichimeca
  • Caxcan
  • Guachichil
  • Guamares
  • Pame
  • Tecuexe
  • Zacatec
• Cochimí
• Cocapás
• Guaycunes
• Guaycuras
• Huastec
• Huichol
• Irritila
• Janambre
• Monquis
• Ópata
• Pericúes (Pericu)
• Seri
• Tamaholipa
• Tarahumara
• Tepehuán
• Uchitíes
• Ximpece
• Xiximes

Andean

• Atacameño
• Aymara
• Conchucos
• Diaguita
• Inca
• Kogi
• Moche
• Quechua
• Saraguro
• Wanka

Sub-Andean

• Panoan
• Shuar (Jívaro, Jibaro)

Western Amazon

• Amahuaca
• Bora People
• Candoshi
• Flecheiro
• Huaorani
• Kanamari
• Korubu
• Kugapakori-Nahua
• Kulina
• Machiguenga
• Marubo
• Mashco-Piro
• Matis
• Matses
• Mayoruna
• Sharpas
• Shipibo
• Tsohom Djapá
• Ticuna
• Tukanoan
• Witoto
• Yaminahua
• Yagua
• Yora

Central Amazon

• Kayapo
• Tapirape
• Tupian
• Yanomami

Eastern and Southern Amazon

• Ge
  • Bororo
• Tupian
  • Guarani Paraguay

Southern Cone

• Araucanian (Mapuche)
• Puelche
• Tehuelche
• Yamana
• Kaweshkar
• Selknam

Languages

• For a general discussion, see Indigenous languages of the Americas
• For a grouping of languages by culture area, see Category:Indigenous languages of the Americas.

• Aridoamercan tribes by location: [1], in Spanish
• Mesoamercan tribes by location: [2], in Spanish